Articles of War
Through the Looking Glass, Again: The Caroline Standard and a General Framework for Necessity-Based Self-Defense
“Why, it's a Looking-glass book, of course! And if I hold it up to a glass, the words will all go the right way again.” — Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass (1897) On January 3, 2020, the United States killed Iranian Major General Qassim Soleimani near Baghdad...
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Deterrence Doesn’t Fly in Space: Nuclear Weapons in Outer Space as a Threat of Force
In an interview with German newspaper Die Welt on Friday April 12th, NATO Secretary-General Rutte expressed concern regarding the potential...
Lieber Studies Series – Military Investigations
Editors’ note: This post is based on the author’s chapter in Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict: Select Issues (Jelena Pejic and Margaret Kotlik...
Lieber Studies Series – Why the Term “Humanitarian Corridor” is a Misleading Expression
Editors’ note: This post is based on the author’s chapter in Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict: Select Issues (Jelena Pejic & Margaret...
Lieber Studies Series – Protecting Civilians During Invasion
Editors’ note: This post is based on the author’s chapter in Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict: Select Issues (Jelena Pejic and Margaret Kotlik...
Lieber Studies Series – Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict: Select Issues
Civilian protection is a basic aim and legal obligation of international humanitarian law (IHL) or the law of armed conflict (LOAC). Yet, as recent...
Cross-Border Drone Strikes Against Mexican Drug Cartels
In April 2025, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations Colby Jenkins testified that U.S. forces did not have legal authority to...
Israel-Hamas 2025 Symposium – Releasing Civilian Hostages and Returning Hostage Remains
On 7 October 2023, Hamas fighters took 251 hostages during its infamous attack on Israel. Although many were Israel Defense Force (IDF) soldiers,...
Interning a Hacker
Recently, at a workshop at Harvard Law School, I grappled with the question of internment in any international armed conflict (IAC) in the near...
The So-Called Principle of Equal Treatment of Belligerents by the Neutral State
Conventional legal wisdom says neutral States owe belligerents equality of treatment (see for example here, p. 282–84, here, p. 237, and here, p....
Israel-Hamas 2025 Symposium – Reoccupied? The Israel Supreme Court’s Judgment in Gisha v Government of Israel
On March 27, 2025, the Supreme Court of Israel, sitting as High Court of Justice (HCJ), published its judgment (in Hebrew) in Gisha v Government of...
The Disarmament Treaties Prohibiting Anti-Personnel Mines and Cluster Munitions: Separating Fact from Fiction
In recent months, there has been considerable criticism in scholarship, and in opinion editorials in several newspapers, of the content and impact...
Judging Battlefield Conduct
Editors’ note: This post is based on the author’s article-length work, “The Rule of Law in Armed Conflict” published in volume 34 of the Minnesota...
