Articles of War
GC IV Commentary Series – Two Answers and Two Open Questions on Taxing Humanitarian Relief
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson, and Sean Watts’s introduction to the series is available here. In its framework governing occupation, international...
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GC IV Commentary Series – Introduction
Editors’ note: Sean Watts, co-author of this post, served on the Reading Committee that advised production of the ICRC’s Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention and co-authored two entries in it. Recent decades have produced a deluge of private and public-sector...
(Past) Debates on the Legal Nature of Belligerent Occupation
The many theories on belligerent occupation that were raging at the beginning of the 20th century are little known, especially in the...
GC IV Commentary Series – Brain Computer Interface-Assisted Interrogations and Articles 27, 31, & 32
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
Transit States and Malicious Cyber Operations: No Due Diligence Obligation
The Tallinn Manual 2.0 advances the view that a transit State has a due diligence obligation to take feasible measures to terminate malicious cyber...
GC IV Commentary Series – Allegiance and Protected Persons in Proxy Warfare
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
GC IV Commentary Series – The Role of Principles in IHL
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
PSYOP Defection Messages, Amnesty, and the Law of Armed Conflict
Calls to defect can save lives. When they promise amnesty, legal review must extend from the words broadcast to the authority behind them and the...
Hollow Control: Cyber Compromise and Human Judgment in Lethal Autonomous Weapons – Part II
The danger that cyber compromises pose to lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS) is that operators can make the right decision based on false information....
GC IV Commentary Series – Reprisals in NIACs: What Is the Commentary’s Take?
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
Military Microreactors and the Law of Targeting
A future military base may not only rely on diesel generators, vulnerable grids, and exposed fuel convoys for energy. It may instead be powered by a...
GC IV Commentary Series – Navigating the Complexities of Common Article 3
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
Hollow Control: Cyber Compromise and Human Judgment in Lethal Autonomous Weapons – Part I
Observing that modern warfare is ever more reliant on networks, data, sensors, and software, all of which are vulnerable to attack, has the novelty...
GC IV Commentary Series – The Prohibition of Deportation and Forcible Transfer
Editors’ note: The following series considers ICRC’s 2025 updated Commentary on the Fourth Geneva Convention. Rosa-Lena Lauterbach, Liisi Adamson,...
