Articles of War
Ukraine’s Attacks on Oil Infrastructure and the “War-Sustaining” Debate
On 16 June, Ukraine launched a drone strike on Russia’s Gazprom Neft Moscow Refinery, an oil processing facility that sources a third of the fuel supply for the Russian capital and its surrounding region. Two days later, Ukraine struck the refinery again with one of...
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International Humanitarian Law as Jus Cogens
International peremptory norms have received a variety of definitions and constructions. The definition relevant to the law of treaties states: a...
Prisoner of War Repatriation and Interpretive Choice – Part III: A Lesson from Military History?
Parts I and II of this three-part post outlined the legal framework applicable to post-war repatriation of prisoners of war and highlighted two...
Prisoner of War Repatriation and Interpretive Choice – Part II: Involuntary Post-War Repatriation
Part I of this three-part post outlined the law of war applicable to post-war repatriation of prisoners of war. It further recounted how questions...
Prisoner of War Repatriation and Interpretive Choice – Part I: The Legal Framework and Reciprocity
Prisoner of war repatriations have long been thorny, contentious post-war affairs. Disputes over their timing, scope, and implementation have...
Legal Reviews of War Algorithms: From Cyber Weapons to AI Systems
States are obliged to conduct legal reviews of new weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Legal reviews of artificial intelligence (AI) systems...
Gaps and Seams in the Law of Armed Conflict for AI-Enabled Cyber Operations
The continued, robust use of cyber operations in both competition and conflict has inspired many States to express whether and how international law...
Anything Other Than a Classic NIAC: Examining Myanmar’s Legal Battlefield
Myanmar’s civil unrest is traditionally characterised as a non-international armed conflict (NIAC). It arguably represents one of the most enduring...
The Ukrainian Attacks Against Gambian-Flagged Oil Tankers in the Black Sea
On October 28, 2025, Ukrainian so-called “Sea Baby drones” attacked two Gambian-flagged oil tankers, the Kairos and Virat. Whereas the vessels were...
Can AI Teach Itself to Abuse IHL-Protected Indicators?
In war, there is every incentive to deceive. Thousands of years ago, humans learnt that misleading the enemy, dissimulating one’s intentions, and...
Tripwires to Trojans: Updating the Law of Booby-traps for the Digital Age
Articles of War has featured discussion of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) rules concerning booby-traps (see, e.g., here, here, here, and here)....
The ICJ Obligations of Israel Advisory Opinion – Qualifying Israel as an Occupying Power in the Gaza Strip
Editors’ note: This post is part of a series featuring analysis of the 2025 International Court of Justice advisory opinion on obligations of Israel...
Reservations in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Validity
Twenty-three States have appended some declarations when ratifying or acceding to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (GCs). Not all these declarations...
