Articles of War
Patriotic War: Total Defence, Resistance, and Additional Protocol I
Russia’s clear aggression towards Ukraine and its thinly veiled “hybrid war” against its other European neighbours has rightly caused alarm amongst these threatened States. European countries such as the Scandinavian and Baltic States, are adjusting “their national...
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Gamifying War: Reward Incentives and “Outlawry” in Armed Conflict
Both sides of the Ukraine-Russia conflict maintain incentive programs that reward soldiers for kills on the battlefield. Russia offers monetary...
The Moral Disorder of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello Purity
In my last post, I argued why the law of armed conflict (LOAC) does not require the absolute separation of jus in bello and jus ad bellum. I also...
Lexical Imperfections in the Hague Regulations of 1907
The Hague Regulations (HR) annexed to the 1907 Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land were the first reasonably...
Intelligence Wars: Sabotage in the Shadows of Conflict
Sabotage has suddenly gained a high profile in international dialogue about conflict. This occurs most obviously in the context of an evolving “gray...
The Law of Neutrality in Situations of Belligerent Occupation
Today, very few situations of belligerent occupation exist. Yet, in a recent advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) analyzed...
The Impact of AI-Enabled Capabilities on the Application of International Law in the Cyber Domain
This post describes the proceedings and conclusions of a workshop that brought together scholars, some with both operational and technical...
Of Open and Closed Systems – War Caught in Lotus and Anti-Lotus
Within every system of law there are open legal sub-systems that offer residual freedom to act and closed sub-systems where residual prohibitions...
Year Ahead 2026 – The Law of Cyber Operations
In 2026, the law governing cyber operations in armed conflict is unlikely to undergo dramatic change. Instead, trendlines from the first half of the...
In Honor of Françoise Hampson – The Early Interface of IHL and Human Rights: Lessons from the Frontlines of Turkish Litigation
Editors’ note: This post is part of a series to honor Françoise Hampson, who passed away on April 18, 2025. These posts recognize Professor...
Year Ahead 2026 – Poisoned Wells Before The War
In April 2026, and as part of my role at the National University of Singapore, I am hosting a regional conference on the intersection between...
Reciprocity Without Retaliation: Rethinking Fairness in the Laws of War
Editors’ note: This post is the second in a series relating to the author’s book, The Persistence of Reciprocity in International Humanitarian Law,...
A Japanese Perspective on Treaty Obligations Regarding Attacks To, From, or Within Space
As States begin to regard outer space as a war-fighting domain, Japan has followed suit. Although it had long interpreted “peaceful” use of outer...
