Year Ahead 2026 – The Law of Cyber Operations

Year Ahead 2026 – The Law of Cyber Operations

Year Ahead 2026 – The Law of Cyber Operations In 2026, the law governing cyber operations in armed conflict is unlikely to undergo dramatic change. Instead, trendlines from the first half of the decade will persist, as States remain reluctant to clarify how core...
Year Ahead 2026 – Poisoned Wells Before The War

Year Ahead 2026 – Poisoned Wells Before The War

Year Ahead 2026 – Poisoned Wells Before The War In April 2026, and as part of my role at the National University of Singapore, I am hosting a regional conference on the intersection between artificial intelligence (AI) and international humanitarian law (IHL). The...
Legal Reviews of War Algorithms: From Cyber Weapons to AI Systems

Legal Reviews of War Algorithms: From Cyber Weapons to AI Systems

Legal Reviews of War Algorithms: From Cyber Weapons to AI Systems States are obliged to conduct legal reviews of new weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Legal reviews of artificial intelligence (AI) systems pose significant legal and practical challenges due to...
Gaps and Seams in the Law of Armed Conflict for AI-Enabled Cyber Operations

Gaps and Seams in the Law of Armed Conflict for AI-Enabled Cyber Operations

Gaps and Seams in the Law of Armed Conflict for AI-Enabled Cyber Operations The continued, robust use of cyber operations in both competition and conflict has inspired many States to express whether and how international law applies to cyber operations. While these...
Tripwires to Trojans: Updating the Law of Booby-traps for the Digital Age

Tripwires to Trojans: Updating the Law of Booby-traps for the Digital Age

Tripwires to Trojans: Updating the Law of Booby-traps for the Digital Age Articles of War has featured discussion of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) rules concerning booby-traps (see, e.g., here, here, here, and here). All have been based in the land domain. I am...
Military Objective or Civilian Object? The Italian National Cybersecurity Agency’s Status in Case of Armed Conflict

Military Objective or Civilian Object? The Italian National Cybersecurity Agency’s Status in Case of Armed Conflict

Military Objective or Civilian Object? The Italian National Cybersecurity Agency’s Status in Case of Armed Conflict The increasing reliance of States on cyber infrastructure for both civilian and military purposes has generated renewed debate on the protection...