The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part II: Jus in Bello

The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part II: Jus in Bello

The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part II: Jus in Bello Part I of this two-post series analyzed how the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) Climate Change advisory opinion might reshape State obligations in peacetime and the period...
The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part I: General International Law Considerations

The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part I: General International Law Considerations

The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Cyber Operations – Part I: General International Law Considerations In July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its much-anticipated Climate Change advisory opinion. The opinion is worth reviewing...
The Tin Can Ruse: Lawful Deception or Prohibited Treachery?

The Tin Can Ruse: Lawful Deception or Prohibited Treachery?

The Tin Can Ruse: Lawful Deception or Prohibited Treachery? The law of armed conflict has always drawn an uncomfortable line between cunning and criminality. Commanders who deceive the enemy are celebrated; those who betray a protected confidence face prosecution. The...
When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part II

When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part II

When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part II In Part I of this post, we addressed the threshold issue of whether cyber operations targeting water infrastructure qualify as attacks, thus bringing international humanitarian...
When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part I

When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part I

When Red Lines Cross Blue Lines: Cyber Attacks on Poland’s Water Infrastructure – Part I While the digital transformation of water treatment plants, distribution networks, and dams has created significant efficiencies, few civilian infrastructure systems link digital...
The Impact of AI-Enabled Capabilities on the Application of International Law in the Cyber Domain

The Impact of AI-Enabled Capabilities on the Application of International Law in the Cyber Domain

The Impact of AI-Enabled Capabilities on the Application of International Law in the Cyber Domain This post describes the proceedings and conclusions of a workshop that brought together scholars, some with both operational and technical expertise, to discuss the...