From Imagery to Targeting: Commercial Satellite Support in War

From Imagery to Targeting: Commercial Satellite Support in War

From Imagery to Targeting: Commercial Satellite Support in War Commercial Earth Observation (EO) and geospatial intelligence firms now provide near-real-time imagery and analysis during active hostilities. Existing international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to these...
Legal Interoperability Lessons from the Red Sea

Legal Interoperability Lessons from the Red Sea

Legal Interoperability Lessons from the Red Sea The landscape of 21st century warfare is rapidly changing. After 20 years of fighting terrorism by non-State actors, great power competition and hybrid threats now dominate the security landscape, along with a return to...
The Sack of Cities: Laws of War and Evolving Attitudes in Historical Perspective

The Sack of Cities: Laws of War and Evolving Attitudes in Historical Perspective

The Sack of Cities: Laws of War and Evolving Attitudes in Historical Perspective Throughout most of Western history, stretching back to the Homeric tradition of Troy, the right to sack a besieged city that refused to surrender was part and parcel of the customary laws...
Statehood in Conflict Classification: Revisiting Recognition in Contemporary IHL

Statehood in Conflict Classification: Revisiting Recognition in Contemporary IHL

Statehood in Conflict Classification: Revisiting Recognition in Contemporary IHL After more than a decade since the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo and the independence and admission of South Sudan into the United Nations, there has been another rise...
Dual-Use Objects and Dual-Purpose Attacks

Dual-Use Objects and Dual-Purpose Attacks

Dual-Use Objects and Dual-Purpose Attacks Editors’ note: This post highlights work in the author’s recent chapter, “Objective and Subjective Tests for Determining Violations of the Law of Targeting: The Unreasonable Commander and the Guilty Mind,” appearing in Volume...
Haiti’s Gang Violence and the Armed Conflict Threshold: An IHL Analysis

Haiti’s Gang Violence and the Armed Conflict Threshold: An IHL Analysis

Haiti’s Gang Violence and the Armed Conflict Threshold: An IHL Analysis Haiti’s armed violence and humanitarian crisis remain acute. Armed gangs control significant territory, reportedly perpetrating killings, sexual violence, and child exploitation. In 2025 alone,...